Nanoparticle-Based Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Allergic Rhinitis: A Comprehensive Review.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated immune response triggered by inhaled allergens, primarily involving type 2 cell-driven nasal mucosal inflammation. Current clinical management of AR relies on pharmacotherapy and immunomodulatory therapies but is limited by treatment time windows, bioavailability, and side effects. Rational design of nanodrug carriers can enhance drug bioavailability and enable targeted delivery. Nanoparticles (NPs) transport drugs or gene fragments to nasal tissues via passive or active targeting, thereby improving therapeutic efficacy while minimizing damage to healthy tissues. This review summarizes recent applications of NPs in preclinical and clinical AR treatment, highlighting strategies for targeted therapy using nanodrugs. It discusses the benefits and mechanisms of innovative drug delivery systems in the treatment of AR and provides a comprehensive catalog of such systems. Finally, it outlines future prospects for improved clinical translation.