Advances in molecular innate immune regulation in the development and therapeutic strategies of allergic rhinitis vaccines.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an IgE-dependent, Th2 cell-mediated disorder that significantly impairs patients' quality of life. In recent years, molecular innate immune regulation has emerged as a pivotal area of research, especially focusing on the use of Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists as adjuvants in allergen immunotherapy (AIT). TLRs, key components of the innate immune system, recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and activate dendritic cells, thereby modulating adaptive immune responses to promote anti-allergic immune deviation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the role of TLRs in the development of AR vaccines, summarizing the progress made with various TLR agonists and their potential applications in AIT. Emphasis is placed on the immunoregulatory characteristics of these molecules and the current status of clinical trials, aiming to offer a theoretical foundation and research direction for the design of more effective and fast-acting therapeutic strategies for allergic rhinitis.