Human Organoids as a Novel Tool for Vaccine Study.

Vaccines have greatly improved public health since their proper establishment, but there are fundamental disconnects in the way that vaccines are developed, namely from cells and animals, then to humans, leading to their failure in final clinical trials. Fortunately, organoids, especially immune and tumor organoids, can replicate sophisticated insights regarding human tissue architecture and functionality in organ-like 3D structures, thereby emerging as a powerful tool to bridge the gap between animals and humans. In this review, we first highlight the mechanisms of vaccine-induced protection, then discuss the development of immune and tumor organoids as novel tools for vaccine testing, design, and reverse translation. We also indicate specific hurdles facing the application of organoids in vaccinology and offer forward-looking perspectives.