Physical modalities for treating the foot affected by connective tissue diseases.

Physical therapy is often necessary in the optimum treatment of foot and ankle disorders associated with connective tissue diseases, particularly rheumatoid arthritis. Thermal modalities and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation use for pain control are described, as well as a therapeutic exercise, ambulatory assistive devices, below the knee bearing braces, and the prescription of appropriately supportive and corrective footwear and shoe modification are discussed in the context of increasing comfort and minimizing deformity and disability.