Clinical Response to Thalidomide in Non-Transfusion-Dependent Thalassemia Complicated by Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Thalidomide is a well-known immunomodulator that has been recently studied for its effects in increasing HbF levels and decreasing the clinical severity of non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia (NTDT) and transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT) with promising results regarding the reduction of transfusion requirements. Recent studies demonstrated the effectiveness of thalidomide in reducing transfusion requirements in TDT and increasing hemoglobin levels in NTDT. This manuscript presents a case of NTDT pediatric patient with concomitant autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) having significant clinical response to thalidomide. The manuscript also provides a focused literature review on thalidomide use in this population.