Head and Neck Trauma as a Precursor for Occipital Neuralgia: Understanding the Temporal Relationship.

BACKGROUND

Occipital neuralgia (ON) has been linked to head and neck trauma, but the timing and development of symptoms following injury remain unclear. This study was performed to investigate the onset of ON after trauma and injury mechanisms that may predispose individuals to ON.

METHODS

A total of 212 patients with ON were assessed for previous head or neck injury, timing of pain onset, and injury mechanism at Weill Cornell Medicine and Massachusetts General Hospital from 2020 through 2024. Postoperative outcomes were evaluated for patients who underwent nerve decompression surgery.

RESULTS

A total of 117 patients (55.2%) reported a history of head or neck trauma. Among these, 65 patients (55.6%) reported pain onset following injury. Most patients (41.5%) reported pain starting on the same day; others reported onset within 1 week (15.4%), within 6 months (13.8%), or later (12.3%). Injury mechanisms included whiplash (64.6%), direct strike to head (46.2%), direct strike to head and neck (29.2%), direct neck strike (4.6%), and other (6.2%). Patients with a direct strike to the head and neck had significantly higher odds of experiencing pain following injury ( P = 0.01). Patients with trauma-related pain who underwent nerve decompression surgery ( n = 25 [38.5%]) experienced significant reductions in pain intensity (8.5 points), frequency (17.9 days/month), and duration (20.4 hours) ( P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

ON most commonly begins on the same day of injury, with whiplash and direct head or neck trauma being the most common mechanisms. Surgical decompression is an effective treatment for pain relief in patients with ON with past head or neck trauma.