RNA vaccines for cancer: revolutionizing immunization strategies.

Cancer vaccines have emerged as a promising strategy in cancer immunotherapy, capable of eliciting robust antitumor immune responses by targeting tumor-associated antigens or tumor-specific antigens. Among the various vaccine platforms, RNA-based vaccines have garnered substantial attention, especially in light of the success of mRNA vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic. This review outlines the fundamental characteristics of different RNA vaccine modalities, summarizes recent clinical applications in cancer treatment, and highlights strategies aimed at improving their efficacy and safety. Furthermore, we discuss the current challenges facing RNA vaccine development and offer perspectives on future directions in this rapidly advancing field.