Social Birth: Rites of Passage for the Newborn.

Rites of passage mark important changes during human life and, for the neonate, its transition from intrauterine life into society. Their original intent was to purify the body from blood and meconium. But the cleansing rites had a spiritual dimension from the very start. When the rites of Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Jewish, Greek, Roman, Hindu, Nordic, Muslim, Maya, and Christian cultures are briefly compared, they reveal a remarkable similarity. What most rites had in common was the cleansing of the body, or sprinkling it with water; special clothing; the exorcism of evil spirits; blessings and prayers for good spirits; and a name-giving ceremony and a feast for family, relatives, and friends. Before this rite, the infant's social existence was incomplete and it could easily be abandoned or killed, as was usual in cases of severe malformations. Infant baptism originated in the 4th century CE with the concept of original sin. Emergency baptism originated in the 12th century and had a profound influence on the development of obstetrics and neonatal care. Rites of passage defined, but also set an end to, the liminal status between life and death in a phase of high mortality and partial personhood, and granted the right to live for the infant.