Minimally Invasive and Robotic Surgery for Rectal Cancer.

Rectal cancer treatment has evolved from a purely surgically managed disease to one treated with multimodal therapy. Dr Heald's total mesorectal excision revolutionized surgical outcomes for rectal cancer, with decreased postoperative recurrences, as well as improved survival and quality of life. Early randomized controlled trials questioned the safety of laparoscopy compared to open surgery, but more recent studies demonstrate equivalent oncologic outcomes with potential benefits. Robotic surgery for rectal cancer shows promise. Despite mixed trial results, minimally invasive approaches have become widely adopted, establishing them as standard-of-care for select patients with rectal cancer.