A Brief History of Orthodontics.

This comprehensive historical review traces the evolution of orthodontics from antiquity to the 21st century. It begins by defining the major stages of orthodontic development, then explores early concerns about dental alignment in classical civilizations, followed by innovations in the 16th and 17th centuries that laid the groundwork for modern intervention. The 18th century marked a turning point with more deliberate attempts to correct malocclusions, culminating in the emergence of formal orthodontic treatment in the 19th century with the advent of fixed appliances and specialized elements used in orthodontics. The 20th century witnessed the institutionalization of orthodontics, including the development of orthognathic surgery, cephalometric imaging, and eventually the introduction of aligner therapy with Invisalign. Contemporary orthodontics in the 21st century is defined by digital technologies, interdisciplinary care, and personalized treatment planning. The review concludes with key observations and a detailed timeline summarizing landmark milestones in the history of the field.