Upper Extremity Variant Vascular Anatomy: Navigation Techniques.

Upper limb approaches for diagnostic cardiac catheterization and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) have gained widespread adoption due to their advantages in reducing bleeding complications, improving patient comfort, and enabling earlier ambulation compared to transfemoral access. However, the success and safety of these procedures is heavily dependent on a thorough understanding of the vascular anatomy of the upper limb, particularly its numerous congenital and acquired variations. This article explores the spectrum of upper extremity vascular anomalies and their clinical implications in the context of transradial and transulnar cardiac catheterization and PCI.