Levamisole-induced Necrosis Syndrome: Presentation and Management.

Levamisole is an antihelminthic drug with immunomod- ulatory properties. Recent estimates suggest the majority of the cocaine in the United States is adulterated with levamisole. Le- vamisole-induced necrosis syndrome (LINES) is characterized by vasculitis, neutropenia, and purpura that progresses to skin necro- sis. Diagnosis relies on physical examination ndings and history of previous cocaine use. The purpose of this case series is to describe the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of LINES. The au- thors' institutional database was reviewed from 2008 to 2015, and they found 3 patients with LINES. Subsequent management and outcomes data are discussed. Patients had a variety of outcomes ranging from local wound care to necrosis and amputation of pha- langes. Patients with LINES can have a wide variety of outcomes; thus, this syndrome must be aggressively managed. Psychotherapy should also be utilized to help patients with further cocaine use. Levamisole-induced necrosis syndrome incidence is expected to in- crease, and all providers should be aware of this patient population.