Molecular and genetic basis of alzheimer's disease and emerging treatment Modalities.

BACKGROUND

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is linked to various causes and pathological processes. It represents a major global health challenge due to its increasing prevalence in aging populations. AD involves multifactorial pathological mechanisms. Two different forms of AD defined by changes in specific genes like APOE4, CLU, TREM2, PICALM, BIN1, MS4A, CR1, ABCA7 and APH1B. Apart from specific genetic mutations, there are multiple risk factors such as aging, obesity, lifestyle, head injury, drinking, smoking and environmental factors that further influence disease risk and its progression.

METHODS

The literature of this review article was taken from different search engines viz. Pubmed, Google Scholar and Scopus, explaining modifiable contributing factors and prognostic markers, including the genetics of AD and overall, this review analyzes literature published between 2000 to 2025 to summarizes the current status of disease, highlighting its importance for improving diagnosis, prognosis, and the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.

RESULT: There are multiple contributing factors in both the disease mechanism and development of AD, apart from amyloid hypothesis and neurofibrillary tangles.

DISCUSSION: A strategic analysis and targeted treatment of these contributing factors could help mitigate the progression of AD and offer potential protective benefits.