Investigating the Effects of Sex Hormones on Macrophage Polarization.

Sex differences in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease are well established, but the effects of sex hormones on macrophage polarization and pro-atherogenic functions are not well described. We hypothesize that sex hormones directly modulate macrophage polarization, and thereby regulate the progression of atherosclerosis. Bone marrow-derived monocytes from adult male and female C57BL/6 mice were differentiated into macrophages using macrophage colony-stimulating factor (20 ng/mL) and pre-treated with either 17β-estradiol (100 nM), testosterone (100 nM), or a vehicle control for 24 h. Macrophages were polarized into pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotypes and the effects of sex hormone supplementation on the gene expression of macrophage phenotypic markers were assessed using RT-qPCR. Inflammatory markers, including IL-1β, were quantified using an addressable laser bead immunoassay. A transwell migration assay was used to determine changes in macrophage migration. Sex differences were observed in macrophage polarization, inflammatory responses, and migration. Pre-treatment with 17β-estradiol significantly impaired the gene expression of inflammatory markers and the production of IL-1β in inflammatory macrophages. In anti-inflammatory macrophages, 17β-estradiol significantly upregulated the expression of anti-inflammatory markers and enhanced migration. Pre-treatment with testosterone enhanced anti-inflammatory mRNA expression and impaired the production of IL-1β. Our observations suggest a protective role of 17β-estradiol in atherogenesis that may contribute to the sexual dimorphisms in cardiovascular disease observed in human patients.