Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2024
Cognition in Euthymic Patients with Bipolar Disorder: Do Not Forget to Account for Anxiety!
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Yoldi-Negrete María, Fresán Ana, Jiménez-Rodríguez Laura Ivone, Tirado-Durán Elsa Georgina
Аннотация
PURPOSE: Despite the high prevalence of anxiety disorders in BD and its known impact on cognitive performance, the presence and severity of anxious symptoms is not systematically evaluated in studies on cognition in BD. Our aim was to determine if attention and/or inhibition of cognitive interference in euthymic patients with type I Bipolar Disorder (BD-I) is affected by symptoms of anxiety.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighty-seven euthymic BD-I patients were included. Patients with comorbidities other than Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) or Panic Disorder (PD) were excluded. State anxiety was measured with the Brief Inventory of Anxious Responses and Situations (ISRA-B). Subjective cognitive performance was evaluated with the COBRA scale, attention with the Digit-Span Forward task and inhibition of cognitive interference was assessed with the StroopTest interference score. Multiple linear regression models were used to test if anxious symptoms were associated with attention or inhibition of cognitive interference, considering other known contributors for cognitive impairment.
RESULTS: Attention was unaffected by anxiety symptoms, but the overall regression for inhibition of cognitive interference was significant: years of schooling (β=1.12, p = 0.001), cognitive complaints (β=0.44, p = 0.008), and anxiety (β=-0.21, p = 0.017) explained 15% of the interference score of the Stroop test (R2 = 0.15).
CONCLUSION: Beyond residual affective symptoms, anxious symptoms seem to affect inhibition of cognitive interference. We recommend routine testing of anxiety when considering cognitive evaluations, especially when screening for cognitive deficits.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighty-seven euthymic BD-I patients were included. Patients with comorbidities other than Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) or Panic Disorder (PD) were excluded. State anxiety was measured with the Brief Inventory of Anxious Responses and Situations (ISRA-B). Subjective cognitive performance was evaluated with the COBRA scale, attention with the Digit-Span Forward task and inhibition of cognitive interference was assessed with the StroopTest interference score. Multiple linear regression models were used to test if anxious symptoms were associated with attention or inhibition of cognitive interference, considering other known contributors for cognitive impairment.
RESULTS: Attention was unaffected by anxiety symptoms, but the overall regression for inhibition of cognitive interference was significant: years of schooling (β=1.12, p = 0.001), cognitive complaints (β=0.44, p = 0.008), and anxiety (β=-0.21, p = 0.017) explained 15% of the interference score of the Stroop test (R2 = 0.15).
CONCLUSION: Beyond residual affective symptoms, anxious symptoms seem to affect inhibition of cognitive interference. We recommend routine testing of anxiety when considering cognitive evaluations, especially when screening for cognitive deficits.