Toward Smart VR Education in Media Production: Integrating AI into Human-Centered and Interactive Learning Systems.

Smart virtual reality (VR) systems are becoming central to media production education, where immersive practice, real-time feedback, and hands-on simulation are essential. This review synthesizes the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into human-centered, interactive VR learning for television and media production. Searches in Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, and SpringerLink (2013-2024) identified 790 records; following PRISMA screening, 94 studies met the inclusion criteria and were synthesized using a systematic scoping review approach. Across this corpus, common AI components include learner modeling, adaptive task sequencing (e.g., RL-based orchestration), affect sensing (vision, speech, and biosignals), multimodal interaction (gesture, gaze, voice, haptics), and growing use of LLM/NLP assistants. Reported benefits span personalized learning trajectories, high-fidelity simulation of studio workflows, and more responsive feedback loops that support creative, technical, and cognitive competencies. Evaluation typically covers usability and presence, workload and affect, collaboration, and scenario-based learning outcomes, leveraging interaction logs, eye tracking, and biofeedback. Persistent challenges include latency and synchronization under multimodal sensing, data governance and privacy for biometric/affective signals, limited transparency/interpretability of AI feedback, and heterogeneous evaluation protocols that impede cross-system comparison. We highlight essential human-centered design principles-teacher-in-the-loop orchestration, timely and explainable feedback, and ethical data governance-and outline a research agenda to support standardized evaluation and scalable adoption of smart VR education in the creative industries.