Comparative Study of Paraneoplastic and Nonparaneoplastic Autoimmune Encephalitis With GABABR Antibodies.
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Lamblin Florian, Kerstens Jeroen, Muñiz-Castrillo Sergio, Vogrig Alberto, Goncalves David, Rogemond Veronique, Picard Geraldine, Villard Marine, Pinto Anne-Laurie, Van Coevorden-Hameete Marleen H, De Bruijn Marienke A, De Vries Juna M, Schreurs Marco, Tyvaert Louise, Hopes Lucie, Aupy Jerome, Marchal Cecile, Psimaras Dimitri, Kremer Laurent, Bourg Veronique, Antoine Jean-Christophe G, Wang Adrien, Kahane Philippe, Demeret Sophie, Ahle Guido, Sempere Vicente Peris, Timestit Noemie, Nourredine Mikail, Maureille Aurelien, Benaiteau Marie, Joubert Bastien, Mignot Emmanuel, Titulaer Maarten J, Honnorat Jerome
Аннотация
METHODS: Patients with GABABR-AE from the French and the Dutch Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes Reference Centers databases were retrospectively included and their data collected; the neurologic outcomes of paraneoplastic and nonparaneoplastic cases were compared. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotyping and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotyping were performed in patients with available samples.
RESULTS: A total of 111 patients (44/111 [40%] women) were enrolled, including 84 of 111 (76%) paraneoplastic and 18 of 111 (16%) nonparaneoplastic cases (cancer status was undetermined for 9 patients). Patients presented with seizures (88/111 [79%]), cognitive impairment (54/111 [49%]), and/or behavioral disorders (34/111 [31%]), and 54 of 111 (50%) were admitted in intensive care unit (ICU). Nonparaneoplastic patients were significantly younger (median age 54 years [range 19-88] vs 67 years [range 50-85] for paraneoplastic cases, p < 0.001) and showed a different demographic distribution. Nonparaneoplastic patients more often had CSF pleocytosis (17/17 [100%] vs 58/78 [74%], p = 0.02), were almost never associated with KTCD16-abs (1/16 [6%] vs 61/70 [87%], p < 0.001), and were more frequently treated with second-line immunotherapy (11/18 [61%] vs 18/82 [22%], p = 0.003). However, no difference of IgG subclass or HLA association was observed, although sample size was small (10 and 26 patients, respectively). After treatment, neurologic outcome was favorable (mRS ≤2) for 13 of 16 (81%) nonparaneoplastic and 37 of 84 (48%) paraneoplastic cases (p = 0.03), while 3 of 18 (17%) and 42 of 83 (51%) patients had died at last follow-up (p = 0.008), respectively. Neurologic outcome no longer differed after adjustment for confounding factors but seemed to be negatively associated with increased age and ICU admission. A better survival was associated with nonparaneoplastic cases, a younger age, and the use of immunosuppressive drugs.
DISCUSSION: Nonparaneoplastic GABABR-AE involved younger patients without associated KCTD16-abs and carried better neurologic and vital prognoses than paraneoplastic GABABR-AE, which might be due to a more intensive treatment strategy. A better understanding of immunologic mechanisms underlying both forms is needed.