Temporal Trajectories of Motor and Cognitive Dysfunction After Combined PTSD and TBI in Mice: Implications for Neurodegenerative Disease Vulnerability.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) commonly occurs alongside Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), yet the chronic behavioral consequences of combined neurotrauma (i.e., PTSD and TBI) across the sexes remain unclear. Using a mouse model combining Single Prolonged Stress (SPS) as a model for PTSD and Controlled Cortical Impact (CCI) as a model for TBI, we assessed gait, anxiety-like behavior, and contextual fear learning and extinction at 2, 4, and 12-weeks post-injury. Combined neurotrauma produced early and persistent gait impairments in both sexes, delayed changes to anxiety-like behavior characterized by reduced avoidance of an anxiogenic environment, and long-lasting contextual fear recall deficits. Impaired learning was observed in males, where they demonstrated reduced fear acquisition and diminished extinction rates at later time points while females showed no deficits. Across testing and sex, peak deficits emerged at 4 weeks post-neurotrauma. Together, these findings define a sex- and time-dependent behavioral phenotype following combined neurotrauma and underscore the importance of modeling comorbidity to capture the temporal and neurobehavioral consequences of trauma exposure that more closely reflect clinical populations.