JAMA · 1998
Cigarette smoking and hearing loss: the epidemiology of hearing loss study.
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Cruickshanks K J, Klein R, Klein B E, Wiley T L, Nondahl D M, Tweed T S
Аннотация
CONTEXT: Clinical studies have suggested that cigarette smoking may be associated with hearing loss, a common condition affecting older adults.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between smoking and hearing loss.
DESIGN: Population-based, cross-sectional study.
SETTING: Community of Beaver Dam, Wis.
PARTICIPANTS: Adults aged 48 to 92 years. Of 4541 eligible subjects, 3753 (83%) participated in the hearing study.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The examination included otoscopy, screening tympanometry, and pure-tone air-conduction and bone-conduction audiometry. Smoking history was ascertained by self-report. Hearing loss was defined as a pure-tone average (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz) greater than 25-dB hearing level in the worse ear.
RESULTS: After adjusting for other factors, current smokers were 1.69 times as likely to have a hearing loss as nonsmokers (95% confidence interval, 1.31-2.17). This relationship remained for those without a history of occupational noise exposure and in analyses excluding those with non-age-related hearing loss. There was weak evidence of a dose-response effect. Nonsmoking participants who lived with a smoker were more likely to have a hearing loss than those who were not exposed to a household member who smoked (odds ratio, 1.94; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-3.74).
CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that environmental exposures may play a role in age-related hearing loss. If longitudinal studies confirm these findings, modification of smoking habits may prevent or delay age-related declines in hearing sensitivity.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between smoking and hearing loss.
DESIGN: Population-based, cross-sectional study.
SETTING: Community of Beaver Dam, Wis.
PARTICIPANTS: Adults aged 48 to 92 years. Of 4541 eligible subjects, 3753 (83%) participated in the hearing study.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The examination included otoscopy, screening tympanometry, and pure-tone air-conduction and bone-conduction audiometry. Smoking history was ascertained by self-report. Hearing loss was defined as a pure-tone average (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz) greater than 25-dB hearing level in the worse ear.
RESULTS: After adjusting for other factors, current smokers were 1.69 times as likely to have a hearing loss as nonsmokers (95% confidence interval, 1.31-2.17). This relationship remained for those without a history of occupational noise exposure and in analyses excluding those with non-age-related hearing loss. There was weak evidence of a dose-response effect. Nonsmoking participants who lived with a smoker were more likely to have a hearing loss than those who were not exposed to a household member who smoked (odds ratio, 1.94; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-3.74).
CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that environmental exposures may play a role in age-related hearing loss. If longitudinal studies confirm these findings, modification of smoking habits may prevent or delay age-related declines in hearing sensitivity.