Penicillin-Binding Proteins in Streptococcus agalactiae and Their Association with Reduced Penicillin Susceptibility: An Overview.

Streptococcus agalactiae are bacteria that can cause a range of infections, some of them life-threatening. Currently, antimicrobial resistance has become a global problem that puts public health at risk. Despite the widespread use of β-lactams, penicillin remains the first-line antimicrobial for the treatment of invasive S. agalactiae infections. However, reduced susceptibility and resistance to penicillin have been identified in several countries. Penicillin-binding proteins, mainly PBP2X, have been associated with reduced susceptibility to β-lactams in streptococci. The aim of this review is to summarize currently published data on penicillin-binding proteins in S. agalactiae and penicillin susceptibility, highlighting the increasing number of strains with reduced susceptibility and resistance to penicillin commonly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of invasive infections by this pathogen. Data on invasive S. agalactiae strains with high levels of penicillin resistance have been found in Japan, the United States, Canada, and Africa. The data on antibiotic resistance are alarming and require increased monitoring of strains with reduced penicillin susceptibility, as well as preventive control measures to avoid the spread of resistant mutant strains.