Call for a California coccidioidomycosis consortium to face the top ten challenges posed by a recalcitrant regional disease.

Coccidioidomycosis ('Valley Fever'), caused by the inhalation of the fungus Coccidioides, remains a recalcitrant health problem in large parts of California. The incidence and severity of the disease continues to rise in many parts of the state. In this manuscript, we highlight unanswered questions about the disease. Specifically, the extent of disease burden, genetic determinants of host susceptibility, diagnostic and treatment guidelines, natural reservoirs of the pathogens, antifungal drug resistance, and fungal determinants of mild or severe disease are all areas awaiting in depth investigations. We also recommend establishment of a California Coccidioidomycosis Registry to improve clinical care and translational research.