Side Effect Profiles of Nonhormonal, Nonsurgical Gender-Affirming Body Modifications.

Purpose: Binding, packing, using stand-to-pee (STP) devices, and tucking are nonhormonal, nonsurgical gender-affirming body modifications (GABMs) that are used to affirm gender expression. This study sought to describe the sociodemographic characteristics of and side effects experienced by those using GABMs.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study of The Population Research in Identity and Disparities for Equality Study participants who completed the 2023 Annual Questionnaire. Data on sociodemographics and self-reported side effects were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results

Of 6296 participants, 1694 reported GABMs including binding (n = 995), packing (n = 590), using an STP device (n = 351), and tucking (n = 265). Each GABM had a distinct side effect profile. Pain (2.0%-48.2% past-year prevalence) and dermatologic concerns (0.5%-23.2% past-year prevalence) were reported across GABMs.

Conclusion

While GABMs promote mental health and patient safety, they carry a risk of adverse physical health effects. Providers play a vital role in managing GABM-associated side effects to ensure patients can continue to affirm their gender identities.