Optimum pharmacological management of chronic rhinitis.

Pharmacological treatment of chronic rhinitis has greatly improved with the introduction of the relatively non-sedating H1-receptor antagonists such as terfenadine, astemizole, loratadine, and cetirizine, and the safe, highly efficacious topical glucocorticosteroids such as beclomethasone dipropionate, flunisolide, budesonide, fluocortin butyl, and triamcinolone acetonide. In patients whose chief complaint is rhinorrhoea, topical ipratropium bromide may be of value. Patients whose major symptom is nasal congestion will benefit from intermittent use of topically or orally administered decongestants. In patients with allergic rhinitis, sodium cromoglycate (cromolyn sodium) or nedocromil sodium applied topically intranasally have a moderate beneficial effect and are associated with a low incidence of adverse effects. Non-pharmacological treatment of chronic rhinitis cannot be ignored. Patients must avoid inhalation of cigarette smoke and other irritants. Patients with chronic allergic rhinitis should avoid antigens to which they have known sensitivity: in addition, selected patients with allergic rhinitis may benefit from immunotherapy with the offending antigen(s).