Transformation of trauma and orthopaedics across the six industrial revolutions: from mechanization to artificial intelligence applications in enhancing patient care.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Technological innovation has played a pivotal role in shaping trauma and orthopaedic surgery. This narrative review examines the evolution of orthopaedic practice across six industrial revolutions, from early mechanization to contemporary artificial intelligence (AI)-driven healthcare.

METHODS

A structured literature search of major databases and historical sources was performed through December 2025.

RESULTS

Industry 1.0 introduced standardized surgical instrumentation and early prosthetics, while Industry 2.0 enabled radiographic imaging, aseptic techniques, and internal fixation. Industry 3.0 facilitated total joint arthroplasty, advanced cross-sectional imaging, and minimally invasive surgery. Industry 4.0 has integrated AI, robotics, and three-dimensional printing into clinical practice. Emerging paradigms of Industry 5.0 emphasize human-AI collaboration, personalized medicine, and regenerative technologies, whereas Industry 6.0 envisions autonomous surgical systems and intelligent implants.

CONCLUSIONS

Understanding this technological progression provides insight into the future trajectory of precision orthopaedics and highlights the importance of interdisciplinary innovation in improving patient outcomes.