JAACAP open · 2026
Loneliness and Bullying by Siblings in Gender-Diverse Adolescents: Results From the Population-Based Generation R Study.
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Xerxa Yllza, Ghassabian Akhgar, Hillegers Manon H J, Agulleiro Luis Martinez, Jansen Pauline W, Busa Samantha, Castellanos Francisco Xavier, White Tonya
Аннотация
OBJECTIVE: Gender-diverse individuals often face a burden of poor mental health. This study examined whether gender-diverse experiences were associated with higher levels of loneliness in adolescents, over and above depression and anxiety, and how family environmental factors, including maladaptive parenting, being bullied by a sibling at home (victimization), and bullying a sibling at home (perpetration), moderate the associations between gender-diverse and loneliness experiences among 4,424 adolescents in a population-based cohort.
METHOD: This cross-sectional study was embedded in Generation R, a multiethnic population-based cohort from fetal life onward. Adolescents with information on self-reported or parent-reported gender diversity and loneliness at ages 13 to 15 years were included.
RESULTS: Adolescents who reported gender diversity had higher levels of loneliness compared with youth who did not report gender diversity (assigned female at birth: B = .67, 95% CI 0.49-1.23; assigned male at birth: B = .45, 95% CI 0.32-0.98). The associations remained after taking into account depression and anxiety, indicating a unique association of gender diversity with lonely feelings in adolescence (assigned female at birth: B = .38, 95% CI 0.24-0.51; assigned male at birth: B = .31, 95% CI 0.17-0.46). Being bullied by a sibling at home (victimization) modified the association of gender diversity with loneliness experiences (interaction p = .04). No evidence was found for interaction effects between gender diversity, maladaptive parenting, and any temperamental traits on adolescent loneliness (ps > .10).
CONCLUSION: Gender diversity is associated with higher levels of loneliness in adolescents. Being a target of bullying modified the association of gender diversity with loneliness experiences, suggesting that gender-diverse adolescents who are bullied by siblings experience particularly higher levels of loneliness.
METHOD: This cross-sectional study was embedded in Generation R, a multiethnic population-based cohort from fetal life onward. Adolescents with information on self-reported or parent-reported gender diversity and loneliness at ages 13 to 15 years were included.
RESULTS: Adolescents who reported gender diversity had higher levels of loneliness compared with youth who did not report gender diversity (assigned female at birth: B = .67, 95% CI 0.49-1.23; assigned male at birth: B = .45, 95% CI 0.32-0.98). The associations remained after taking into account depression and anxiety, indicating a unique association of gender diversity with lonely feelings in adolescence (assigned female at birth: B = .38, 95% CI 0.24-0.51; assigned male at birth: B = .31, 95% CI 0.17-0.46). Being bullied by a sibling at home (victimization) modified the association of gender diversity with loneliness experiences (interaction p = .04). No evidence was found for interaction effects between gender diversity, maladaptive parenting, and any temperamental traits on adolescent loneliness (ps > .10).
CONCLUSION: Gender diversity is associated with higher levels of loneliness in adolescents. Being a target of bullying modified the association of gender diversity with loneliness experiences, suggesting that gender-diverse adolescents who are bullied by siblings experience particularly higher levels of loneliness.