Frontiers in psychology · 2026
Physical literacy and mental well-being in adults: a cross-sectional examination of their association and links with physical activity engagement.
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Orhan Bekir Erhan, Alkasasbeh Walaa Jumah, Karaçam Aydın, Branquinho Luís, Amawi Adam Tawfiq
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Physical literacy, the integrated motivation, confidence, physical competence, knowledge, and understanding that underpins lifelong physical activity, has been advanced as a holistic determinant of health. Yet, evidence linking it to positively framed mental well-being in adults remains scarce and is dominated by samples of children and adolescents.
AIM: This study examined the association between physical literacy and mental well-being in Turkish adults and tested whether both constructs differed by sex, educational attainment, athletic background, regular exercise participation, and habitual physical activity level.
METHODS: In a cross-sectional design, 375 adults (64.5% male; mean age = 32.23 years, SD = 11.03, range 18-71), a convenience sample skewed toward physically active and tertiary-educated men, completed validated Turkish measures of physical literacy and mental well-being. Active-living exposures were assessed using a single self-report item. Internal consistency was high (physical literacy α = 0.89, ω = 0.90; mental well-being α = 0.92, ω = 0.92). Pearson correlations, t-tests, one-way ANOVAs, and hierarchical regression were computed with effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals; discriminant validity was tested directly, and an exploratory mediation was examined.
RESULTS: Physical literacy was moderately and positively associated with mental well-being (r = 0.45, p < 0.001), and the two constructs showed evidence of empirical distinctness (HTMT = 0.52, 95% CI [0.42, 0.63]). Adults with an athletic background and regular exercisers reported higher physical literacy (d = 0.83 and 1.09) and mental well-being (d = 0.36 and 0.63), and both outcomes increased in an ordered gradient across habitual activity-frequency categories (physical literacy η2 = 0.21; mental well-being η2 = 0.07). Physical literacy explained 11% of incremental variance in well-being beyond demographic and behavioral covariates (β = 0.41). Men scored marginally higher than women on both measures, educational attainment was weakly related to mental well-being but not physical literacy, and physical literacy declined modestly with age (r = -0.18).
CONCLUSION: Higher physical literacy co-occurs with better mental well-being in adults and remains associated with mental well-being after adjustment for covariates, positioning it as a candidate target for adult mental health promotion. The cross-sectional design and active, educated convenience sample preclude causal and population-level inference, and independent confirmatory validation of the adapted instrument is needed before these findings are treated as more than provisional.
AIM: This study examined the association between physical literacy and mental well-being in Turkish adults and tested whether both constructs differed by sex, educational attainment, athletic background, regular exercise participation, and habitual physical activity level.
METHODS: In a cross-sectional design, 375 adults (64.5% male; mean age = 32.23 years, SD = 11.03, range 18-71), a convenience sample skewed toward physically active and tertiary-educated men, completed validated Turkish measures of physical literacy and mental well-being. Active-living exposures were assessed using a single self-report item. Internal consistency was high (physical literacy α = 0.89, ω = 0.90; mental well-being α = 0.92, ω = 0.92). Pearson correlations, t-tests, one-way ANOVAs, and hierarchical regression were computed with effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals; discriminant validity was tested directly, and an exploratory mediation was examined.
RESULTS: Physical literacy was moderately and positively associated with mental well-being (r = 0.45, p < 0.001), and the two constructs showed evidence of empirical distinctness (HTMT = 0.52, 95% CI [0.42, 0.63]). Adults with an athletic background and regular exercisers reported higher physical literacy (d = 0.83 and 1.09) and mental well-being (d = 0.36 and 0.63), and both outcomes increased in an ordered gradient across habitual activity-frequency categories (physical literacy η2 = 0.21; mental well-being η2 = 0.07). Physical literacy explained 11% of incremental variance in well-being beyond demographic and behavioral covariates (β = 0.41). Men scored marginally higher than women on both measures, educational attainment was weakly related to mental well-being but not physical literacy, and physical literacy declined modestly with age (r = -0.18).
CONCLUSION: Higher physical literacy co-occurs with better mental well-being in adults and remains associated with mental well-being after adjustment for covariates, positioning it as a candidate target for adult mental health promotion. The cross-sectional design and active, educated convenience sample preclude causal and population-level inference, and independent confirmatory validation of the adapted instrument is needed before these findings are treated as more than provisional.