Cortical Activity Associated With Phantom Leg Movements.

We tested the feasibility for amputees to control artificial limbs using non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG). Thirteen participants engaged in attempts of isometric ankle plantar-flexions using their phantom or intact limb at slow or ballistic speeds. EEG data were analyzed for movement-related cortical potentials (MRCPs), the slow negative potentials related to the planning and execution of movements. We focused on temporal profiles and single-trial classification at electrode location Cz where MRCPs are most prominent. Distinctly different MRCP morphologies were observed for both movement speeds and phantom versus intact limbs. Crucially, time since amputation correlated significantly with classification errors for distinguishing tasks performed with the intact limb from those of the phantom limb (R = 0.36, p = 0.004) and movement speed during trials of only the phantom limb (R = -0.33, p = 0.01). Here we show the persistent capacity of amputees to plan and attempt to execute limb motions at varying speeds using their phantom limb. This has implications for understanding neural adaptations over extended post-amputation periods and for the practical implementation of the MRCP in the design of brain-computer interfaces to control prosthetic devices using single-electrode EEG recordings.