Pulmonary mucormycosis presenting as massive fatal hemoptysis in a hemodialytic patient with chronic renal failure.

A 38 year old female patient died following massive hemoptysis occurring during maintenance hemodialysis for chronic renal failure. In addition to renal dysfunction, laboratory data showed low levels of serum immunoglobulins; chest X-rays did not reveal any abnormal shadows. For the last 11 months, the patient had not received deferoxamine. At autopsy, major bronchi were plugged with coagulated blood. Irregular thickening of the right main bronchial wall close to the lung hilus was noted. Light microscopic examination disclosed mycotic granulomata in the bronchial wall, where the pulmonary arterial wall was also involved. Immunostaining using specific antibody identified Mucor hyphae. The mucormycosis is a serious complication of chronic renal failure and hemodialysis. In the current case, it is likely that immune dysfunction rather than deferoxamine was the important predisposing factor to the growth of the fungus.