Identity Development and Self-Esteem in Transgender Men: The Importance of Masculinity.

Because transgender people often suffer from concerns such as increased depression and anxiety, promoting positive and healthy mental well-being within this community is valuable. Two aspects of well-being that may be particularly relevant to the trans community are identity development and self-esteem. We hypothesized that a better overall transition experience (access to medical and psychological care, support from friends and family, etc.) would predict better identity development, individual self-esteem, and collective self-esteem in transgender men. This prediction was supported in a sample of 145 transmen from 15 different countries. Further exploratory analyses reveal that the direct effects of the transition process on identity development and individual self-esteem were significantly mediated by participants' perceived masculinity-but this mediation did not apply to collective self-esteem. We also found that when comparing overall transition experiences in the countries represented in our sample, the process was most positive in transmen from Australia and New Zealand, with experiences in the U.S., Canada, and Europe as less positive. Providing a supportive transition process and validating transmen's masculinity are important factors in paving the way for them to have healthy identity development and self-esteem.