Effect of cellular hydration on protein metabolism.

In the past few years, the paramount importance of cell volume for the regulation of cell function, including protein metabolism, has been recognized. Among many other effects, cell swelling inhibits proteolysis and stimulates protein synthesis, whereas cell shrinkage stimulates proteolysis and inhibits protein synthesis. Moreover, cell swelling and cell shrinkage influence the expression of a number of genes, including carriers, enzymes, and signaling molecules. Hormones exploit the influence of cell volume on metabolism to exert their effects. Insulin swells hepatocytes by activation of Na-/H+ exchange and Na+,K+,2Cl- cotransport, while glucagon shrinks hepatocytes by activation of ion channels. The effects of these hormones on hepatic proteolysis completely depend on their influence on cell volume. The effects of cell volume are mediated in part by alterations of lysosomal pH, which modifies the activity of acidic lysosomal proteases. Transforming growth factor-beta 1, as other growth factors, activates the Na+/H+ exchanger, swells cells, leads to lysosomal alkalinization, inhibits proteolysis and may thus contribute to renal hypertrophy in chronic renal disease. Moreover, a decrease in cell volume correlates with catabolic states in a variety of diseases.