Amidase and lysozyme dual functions in TseP reveal a new family of chimeric effectors in the type VI secretion system.

Peptidoglycan (PG) serves as an essential target for antimicrobial development. An overlooked reservoir of antimicrobials lies in the form of PG-hydrolyzing enzymes naturally produced for polymicrobial competition, particularly those associated with the type VI secretion system (T6SS). Here, we report that a T6SS effector TseP, from Aeromonas dhakensis, represents a family of effectors with dual amidase-lysozyme activities. In vitro PG-digestion coupled with LC-MS analysis revealed the N-domain's amidase activity, which is neutralized by either catalytic mutations or the presence of the immunity protein TsiP. The N-domain, but not the C-domain, of TseP is sufficient to restore T6SS secretion in T6SS-defective mutants, underscoring its critical structural role. Using pull-down and secretion assays, we showed that these two domains interact directly with a carrier protein VgrG2 and can be secreted separately. Homologs in Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas syringae exhibited analogous dual functions. Additionally, N- and C-domains display distinctive GC contents, suggesting an evolutionary fusion event. By altering the surface charge through structural-guided design, we engineered the TsePC4+ effector that successfully lyses otherwise resistant Bacillus subtilis cells, enabling the T6SS to inhibit B. subtilis in a contact-independent manner. This research uncovers TseP as a new family of bifunctional chimeric effectors targeting PG, offering a potential strategy to harness these proteins in the fight against antimicrobial resistance.