Vaccination as a therapeutic strategy for Nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Patients with recurrent or metastatic NPC are left with limited treatment options. The close association between EBV and NPC make therapeutic vaccination targeting EBV-antigens an emerging new treatment modality. Therapeutic vaccination provides a stimulus to allow the patient to mount their own targeted immune response against the cancer. The two approaches that have led the field into the clinic are dendritic-cell based vaccines and virus-based vaccines. Clinical trials have shown the vaccines to be well-tolerated, and able to elicit a targeted immune response to tumor specific epitopes. Clinical efficacy data, however, is more limited given the early stage of the trials. Other approaches to developing a therapeutic vaccine for NPC include using cancer stem cell lysates, EBV-antigen peptides, and EBV-antigen plasmid DNA. Readout of ongoing trials and progression of preclinical vaccines into Phase I will shed additional light on the efficacy of vaccines and the feasibility of these different approaches to developing a therapeutic vaccine. Future studies may explore combination therapies with multiple vaccines, adoptive T-cell therapy, or checkpoint inhibitors.