The prognostic impact of magnesium in acute heart failure is different according to the presence of diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND

Hypermagnesemia predicts mortality in chronic heart failure (HF); however, in acute HF, magnesium does not seem to be outcome-associated. Diabetes mellitus (DM) frequently associates with altered magnesium status. We hypothesized that DM might influence the prognostic impact of magnesium in acute HF.

METHODS

This is a retrospective cohort study of hospitalized patients with acute HF. Patients without data on admission serum magnesium were excluded. Follow-up: 1 year from hospital admission. Primary end point: all-cause mortality. Patients were divided according to median serum magnesium (1.64 mEq/L). The Kaplan-Meier survival method was used to determine survival curves according to magnesium levels. The analysis was stratified according to the presence of DM. A multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to study the prognostic impact of magnesium.

RESULTS

We studied 606 patients. The mean age was 76 ± 12 years, 44.1% were male, 50.7% had DM, and 232 (38.3%) died during follow-up. Median magnesium was 1.64 (1.48-1.79) mEq/L. Patients with magnesium ≥1.64 mEq/L had higher 1-year mortality [141 (46.4%) vs 91 (30.1%), P < .001]. After adjustments for age, sex, history of atrial fibrillation, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, ischemic etiology, B-type natriuretic peptide, estimated glomerular filtration rate, alcohol consumption, antihyperglycaemic agents or glycated hemoglobin, admission glycemia, New York Heart Association class IV, and severe left ventricle systolic dysfunction, serum magnesium ≥1.64 mEq/L was associated with higher mortality only in patients with DM: HR 1.89 (95% confidence interval: 1.19-3.00), P = .007, and 1.27 (95% confidence interval: 0.83-1.94) and P = .26 for non-DM patients. The results were similar if magnesium was analyzed as a continuous variable. Per 0.1 mEq/L increase in magnesium levels, patients with DM had 13% increased risk of 1-year mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

Higher magnesium levels were associated with worse prognosis only in HF patients with DM.