Recent advances in the pathophysiology and treatment of plasma cell dyscrasias.

Multiple myeloma is an incurable plasma cell malignancy. Its prognosis improved with the introduction of proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, and monoclonal antibodies, but outcomes for triple-class-exposed (TCE) myeloma remained poor. New therapeutic options including CAR-T cell therapy and bispecific antibodies have now further improved prognosis, even in TCE myeloma. While true cure remains challenging, functional cure, defined as long-term disease control through a favorable immune environment suppressing minimal residual disease (MRD), is currently considered a realistic therapeutic goal.