Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026
APOE and plasma AD biomarkers: The role of genetic ancestry in Hispanics/Latinos.
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Cheung Caitlin, Anita Natasha Z, Filigrana Paola, Fornage Myriam, Gonzalez Kevin A, Gallo Linda C, Isasi Carmen R, Kaplan Robert C, Li Xihao, Márquez Freddie, Parada Humberto, Perreira Krista M, Ramos Alberto R, Rundek Tatjana, Tarraf Wassim, Testai Fernando D, DeCarli Charles, González Hector M, Sofer Tamar
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Apolipoprotein E (APOE) alleles are well-established genetic risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD), but their effects on AD biomarkers (amyloid beta [Aβ]42/40, phosphorylated tau [p-tau]181, neurofilament light chain [NfL], and glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP]) may vary across populations due to ancestry-, age-, and sex-related differences. We hypothesized that these effects vary across Hispanic/Latino background groups with distinct ancestral admixture.
METHODS: We analyzed ε2 and ε4 allele associations with AD biomarkers using survey-weighted linear regression models, adjusting for demographic covariates. Secondary analyses examined genetic analysis group- and ancestry-specific effects.
RESULTS: ε4 was associated with lower Aβ42/40 and higher p-tau181and GFAP levels, but not with NfL, suggesting its role in Aβ and tau deposition and neuroinflammation. ε4 associations were stronger in those with higher European and lower African ancestry.
DISCUSSION: These findings expand on prior studies suggesting that genetic ancestry modifies APOE-associated AD risk in Hispanic/Latino populations and highlight the importance of capturing ancestry-based heterogeneity in AD biomarker research.
METHODS: We analyzed ε2 and ε4 allele associations with AD biomarkers using survey-weighted linear regression models, adjusting for demographic covariates. Secondary analyses examined genetic analysis group- and ancestry-specific effects.
RESULTS: ε4 was associated with lower Aβ42/40 and higher p-tau181and GFAP levels, but not with NfL, suggesting its role in Aβ and tau deposition and neuroinflammation. ε4 associations were stronger in those with higher European and lower African ancestry.
DISCUSSION: These findings expand on prior studies suggesting that genetic ancestry modifies APOE-associated AD risk in Hispanic/Latino populations and highlight the importance of capturing ancestry-based heterogeneity in AD biomarker research.