Archives of rehabilitation research and clinical translation · 2025
Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial of the Impact of Olfactory Training on Cognitive and Emotional Function in Individuals with Parkinson Disease.
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Dou Yunxiao, Qian Siyu, Zhao Yichen, Tan Yan, Zhao Yanxin
Аннотация
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical effects of olfactory training (OT) on olfactory function and related nonmotor symptoms in patients with Parkinson disease (PD).
DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial with a duration of 6 months of follow-up.
SETTING: A tertiary hospital providing neurology rehabilitation services in China.
PARTICIPANTS: Of 81 initially recruited PD patients, 70 completed the study (N=70, 35 per group after randomization: OT group n=35, control n=35). All participants met inclusion criteria and received standard medical care. No dropouts were because of adverse effects.
INTERVENTIONS: The intervention group received OT using a standardized protocol. The training involved daily exposure to specific odorants for 6 months. The control group did not receive OT.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcomes included changes in olfactory test scores, memory and cognition scores (assessed using neuropsychological tests), and depressive and anxiety scale scores. These were measured before and after the 6-month intervention.
RESULTS: After 6 months, the intervention group exhibited significant improvements in olfactory test scores (threshold-discrimination-identification score: t=3.839, P<.01, Cohen's d=0.649), memory (memory quotient: t=2.597, P<.05, Cohen's d=0.439) and cognition scores (Mini-Mental State Examination: z=-2.791, P<.01, rank-biserial correlation (r)=-0.330 and Montreal Cognitive Assessment: t=2.626, P<.05, Cohen's d=0.444), depressive (Hamilton Depression Scale: z=-3.601, P<.001, r=-0.425 and Patient Health Questionnaire-9: z=-2.396, P<.05, r=-0.29) and anxiety (Hamilton Anxiety Scale: z=-3.049, P<.01, r=-0.36 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7: z=-2.849, P<.01, r=0.336) scale scores compared to the control group, showing moderate effects, respectively. The increase in memory scale scores was positively correlated with the increase in olfactory scores (Spearman r=0.415, P<.05). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 27.0 software, with P values indicating significance.
CONCLUSIONS: The OT has beneficial effects on olfactory function and related nonmotor symptoms in patients with PD. The 6-month training led to significant improvements in memory, cognition, depression, and anxiety. Further studies are needed to determine the long-term effects and optimal duration of OT for patients with PD.
DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial with a duration of 6 months of follow-up.
SETTING: A tertiary hospital providing neurology rehabilitation services in China.
PARTICIPANTS: Of 81 initially recruited PD patients, 70 completed the study (N=70, 35 per group after randomization: OT group n=35, control n=35). All participants met inclusion criteria and received standard medical care. No dropouts were because of adverse effects.
INTERVENTIONS: The intervention group received OT using a standardized protocol. The training involved daily exposure to specific odorants for 6 months. The control group did not receive OT.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcomes included changes in olfactory test scores, memory and cognition scores (assessed using neuropsychological tests), and depressive and anxiety scale scores. These were measured before and after the 6-month intervention.
RESULTS: After 6 months, the intervention group exhibited significant improvements in olfactory test scores (threshold-discrimination-identification score: t=3.839, P<.01, Cohen's d=0.649), memory (memory quotient: t=2.597, P<.05, Cohen's d=0.439) and cognition scores (Mini-Mental State Examination: z=-2.791, P<.01, rank-biserial correlation (r)=-0.330 and Montreal Cognitive Assessment: t=2.626, P<.05, Cohen's d=0.444), depressive (Hamilton Depression Scale: z=-3.601, P<.001, r=-0.425 and Patient Health Questionnaire-9: z=-2.396, P<.05, r=-0.29) and anxiety (Hamilton Anxiety Scale: z=-3.049, P<.01, r=-0.36 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7: z=-2.849, P<.01, r=0.336) scale scores compared to the control group, showing moderate effects, respectively. The increase in memory scale scores was positively correlated with the increase in olfactory scores (Spearman r=0.415, P<.05). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 27.0 software, with P values indicating significance.
CONCLUSIONS: The OT has beneficial effects on olfactory function and related nonmotor symptoms in patients with PD. The 6-month training led to significant improvements in memory, cognition, depression, and anxiety. Further studies are needed to determine the long-term effects and optimal duration of OT for patients with PD.