International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology · 2026
Preparation of silibinin- dendrimer-stabilized Au nanoparticles for decreasing vancomycin resistance in S. aureus clinical isolates.
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Ahmadzadeh Mojgan, Shahriarinour Mahdi, Ranji Najmeh, Divsar Faten, Mokhtary Masoud
Аннотация
INTRODUCTION: Silibinin (SB), a bioactive flavonolignan derived from milk thistle seeds (Silybum marianum L.), exhibits well-documented antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and hepatoprotective activities. This study aimed to conjugate SB with fourth-generation poly(amidoamine) dendrimer-stabilized gold nanoparticles (DSA) to enhance its solubility and evaluate its antibacterial efficacy against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus).
METHODS: The morphology and structural features of silibinin-dendrimer-stabilized gold nanoparticle complex (SB-DSA) were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Antibacterial activity was assessed through biofilm formation assays, checkerboard analysis, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) using clinical S. aureus isolates and a standard reference strain.
RESULTS: Physicochemical analyses confirmed the successful incorporation of SB into the DSA matrix. The average particle size of the SB-DSA nanocomposites was approximately 20 nm. A synergistic interaction between SB-DSA and vancomycin was observed, with SB-DSA significantly enhancing the susceptibility of vancomycin-resistant isolates to vancomycin. Biofilm formation was markedly reduced in resistant isolates treated with the SB-DSA/vancomycin combination compared with vancomycin alone. The time-kill kinetics of SB-DSA in the tested isolates ranged from 4 to 8 h. Combination treatment also resulted in downregulation of icaA, and norA expression in resistant S. aureus isolates.
CONCLUSION: Silibinin encapsulated within DSA demonstrates potent anti S. aureus activity, likely mediated through downregulation of efflux pump-related genes and improved intracellular retention of vancomycin. Consequently, even low concentrations of vancomycin, when combined with silibinin, effectively inhibited the growth of vancomycin-resistant isolates.
METHODS: The morphology and structural features of silibinin-dendrimer-stabilized gold nanoparticle complex (SB-DSA) were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Antibacterial activity was assessed through biofilm formation assays, checkerboard analysis, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) using clinical S. aureus isolates and a standard reference strain.
RESULTS: Physicochemical analyses confirmed the successful incorporation of SB into the DSA matrix. The average particle size of the SB-DSA nanocomposites was approximately 20 nm. A synergistic interaction between SB-DSA and vancomycin was observed, with SB-DSA significantly enhancing the susceptibility of vancomycin-resistant isolates to vancomycin. Biofilm formation was markedly reduced in resistant isolates treated with the SB-DSA/vancomycin combination compared with vancomycin alone. The time-kill kinetics of SB-DSA in the tested isolates ranged from 4 to 8 h. Combination treatment also resulted in downregulation of icaA, and norA expression in resistant S. aureus isolates.
CONCLUSION: Silibinin encapsulated within DSA demonstrates potent anti S. aureus activity, likely mediated through downregulation of efflux pump-related genes and improved intracellular retention of vancomycin. Consequently, even low concentrations of vancomycin, when combined with silibinin, effectively inhibited the growth of vancomycin-resistant isolates.