CRISPR-based genome editing of smooth muscle cells: Disease models, therapeutic applications, and future perspectives.

Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are essential for the normal function of the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital systems, and SMC dysfunction contributes to a wide range of genetic and acquired diseases. CRISPR-based genome editing provides new approaches for studying SMC biology and developing therapies for smooth muscle disorders. In particular, base editing and prime editing enable precise nucleotide changes without introducing DNA double-strand breaks. In this review, we summarize recent applications of CRISPR technologies in smooth muscle biology, with a primary focus on vascular diseases. We discuss how CRISPR-engineered primary cells, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived SMCs, and animal models have been used to investigate disease mechanisms and validate pathogenic variants. We further review therapeutic genome editing strategies for correcting disease-causing variants in patient-derived iPSC-SMCs, vascular organoids, and preclinical animal models. Finally, we discuss major challenges for clinical translation, including efficient and SMC-specific delivery, immunogenicity, editing precision, off-target effects, and long-term safety. Continued advances in genome-editing technologies, delivery platforms, and human disease models may expand the application of these approaches to smooth muscle disorders.