Metal Nanoparticles as Modulators of the NF-κB Signaling Pathway: Emerging Concepts in Inflammation Research.

The NF-κB signaling pathway is a key regulator of inflammation and an attractive therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases. Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) have emerged as promising modulators of this pathway through mechanisms involving reactive oxygen species, IκBα degradation, p65 nuclear translocation, and crosstalk with MAPK, PI3K/AKT, JAK/STAT, Nrf2, and NLRP3 signaling. This editorial summarizes recent advances in the dual immunomodulatory roles of MNPs, highlighting how their composition, size, surface characteristics, and dose determine their pro- or anti-inflammatory effects.