Comparing comparisons: A transdiagnostic investigation of social and temporal comparisons and their differential effects on mental health outcomes and well-being.

BACKGROUND: While the association of social comparisons and mental health has been frequently researched, the role of temporal comparisons (evaluating oneself over time) and their distinct associations with mental health outcomes are understudied. Here, we aimed to elucidate the distinct associations of social and temporal comparisons with a range of mental health outcomes, as well as previously identified predictors of these outcomes. We specifically examined the differential relationships of comparison frequency, discrepancy, and affective impact with depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress, well-being, life satisfaction, self-esteem, metacognitions, rumination, and self-efficacy.

METHODS: To this end, we conducted a thorough reanalysis of data from one longitudinal and five cross-sectional studies sourced from Prolific Researcher with English speaking participants. One of these studies involved participants with elevated depressive symptoms. Additionally, we included one study with Syrian refugees in Germany recruited via social media.

RESULTS: Across the seven studies (Ns = 306 to 1121), regression models revealed consistent and mainly moderate associations between both social and temporal comparisons and our outcomes. Additionally, our findings suggested only a weak trend for social (vs. temporal) comparisons to exhibit stronger associations with mental health variables.

CONCLUSIONS: Our results offer insights into the role of social and temporal comparisons in mental health, providing a foundation for follow-up research that may ultimately inform psychological interventions.Keywords. Social comparison, temporal comparison, transdiagnostic, depression, comparison theory.