[Research progress on the role of tertiary lymphoid structures in the perioperative comprehensive therapy of biliary tract cancer].

Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), which are ectopic lymphocyte aggregates formed during chronic inflammation, are widely present in the tumor microenvironment of solid malignancies. By regulating anti-tumor immune responses, TLS is increasingly recognized as a key focus in cancer therapeutic research. However, systematic investigations into its role in biliary tract cancer (BTC) remain scarce. This essay outlines the fundamental characteristics, heterogeneity, and prognostic significance of TLS, and explores its potential role in perioperative comprehensive treatment and therapy sensitivity assessment for BTC. It provides novel perspectives and a theoretical foundation for TLS-guided precision therapy in biliary tract cancer.