Immunogenicity and risk factors for poor humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in patients with autoimmune hepatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND

research on the immunogenicity of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) has produced varied results, and the determinants of the immunological response remain largely elusive.

METHODS

a comprehensive search of three primary databases (PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science) yielded pertinent studies on the topic. The data extraction was a collaborative effort among three independent researchers, who subsequently reconvened to validate the key data that were collated. The primary outcomes were the magnitudes of humoral and cellular immune responses to the vaccines. The secondary outcomes were related to factors affecting the humoral immune response post-vaccination.

RESULTS

this systematic review incorporated eight studies, and the meta-analysis involved three studies. The average antibody response rates after one, two, and three doses of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine were 86 %, 82 %, and 91 %, respectively. Unexpectedly, the antibody concentrations of seropositive patients were markedly lower than those of their healthy counterparts. The cellular immune response rates after two and three vaccine doses were 74 % and 56 %, respectively. Treatment with mycophenolate mofetil and corticosteroids was associated with a notable decrease in seropositivity (pooled odds ratio [95 % confidence interval]: 2.62 [2.12-3.25] and 2.4 [1.51-3.82], respectively). In contrast, azathioprine had no discernable impact on the humoral response.

CONCLUSION

in patients with AIH, the immune response to COVID-19 vaccination is attenuated. Specific immunosuppressive agents, such as steroids and MMF, have been found to reduce antibody responses. Recognizing these determinants is crucial to formulating individualized vaccination strategies for patients with AIH. Further research with an emphasis on post-vaccination cellular immunity will be essential to refine the vaccination approaches for this demographic.