Insight of immune checkpoint blockades in melanoma: mechanism and clinical translation.

Melanoma, a malignant tumor originating from melanocytes, accounts for only 4% of all skin cancers but is responsible for 75% of skin cancer-related deaths. In recent years, its incidence has steadily increased. Targeted therapies and immunotherapies have made significant strides, emerging as the most effective treatments for metastatic melanoma. Immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs) have become a central component of systemic therapy for advanced melanoma. However, their clinical use is limited by immune-related toxicities, primary and acquired resistance, and marked inter-patient heterogeneity in response. As a result, personalized treatment approaches are urgently needed. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements in melanoma immunotherapy, synthesizing findings from existing research and clinical trials. It highlights the progress made in understanding various immune checkpoints in melanoma and the outcomes of clinical trials involving different ICBs. The aim is to inform clinicians and patients about the latest developments in ICBs therapy while underscoring the critical role of personalized medicine in addressing the diverse needs of patients. Ultimately, the research seeks to catalyze further exploration and innovation in melanoma treatment.