NeuroMoE: A Transformer-Based Mixture-of-Experts Framework for Multi-Modal Neurological Disorder Classification.

The integration of multi-modal Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and clinical data holds great promise for enhancing the diagnosis of neurological disorders (NDs) in real-world clinical settings. Deep Learning (DL) has recently emerged as a powerful tool for extracting meaningful patterns from medical data to aid in diagnosis. However, existing DL approaches struggle to effectively leverage multi-modal MRI and clinical data, leading to suboptimal performance.To address this challenge, we utilize a unique, proprietary multi-modal clinical dataset curated for ND research. Based on this dataset, we propose a novel transformer-based Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) framework for ND classification, leveraging multiple MRI modalities-anatomical (aMRI), Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), and functional (fMRI)-alongside clinical assessments. Our framework employs transformer encoders to capture spatial relationships within volumetric MRI data while utilizing modality-specific experts for targeted feature extraction. A gating mechanism with adaptive fusion dynamically integrates expert outputs, ensuring optimal predictive performance. Comprehensive experiments and comparisons with multiple baselines demonstrate that our multi-modal approach significantly enhances diagnostic accuracy, particularly in distinguishing overlapping disease states. Our framework achieves a validation accuracy of 82.47%, outperforming baseline methods by over 10%, highlighting its potential to improve ND diagnosis by applying multi-modal learning to real-world clinical data.Clinical Relevance- In neurological disorder (ND) research, a critical gap remains in mapping the continuum of disease progression, from prodromal conditions such as idiopathic REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (iRBD) to fully developed disorders like Parkinson's Disease (PD). A robust multimodal approach that seamlessly integrates diverse data modalities is essential for accurately predicting and understanding this progression. Advancements in this area would provide the foundation for developing models capable of distinguishing overlapping disease states (e.g., PD, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy) and predicting the transition from presymptomatic conditions like iRBD to established NDs.