The Evolving Role of Medical Thoracoscopy for the Management of Malignant Pleural Effusion.

MT is a minimally invasive endoscopic procedure which is a well-established tool for the management of pleural malignancies, which commonly cause pleural effusions. MT allows for pulmonologists to perform diagnostic and therapeutic maneuvers at the same time with high diagnostic sensitivity and can also shorten the hospitalization duration. MT, which is video-assisted, is performed by pulmonologists, and is not the same procedure as surgical thoracoscopy or video-assisted thoracoscopy surgery (VATS). To perform MT, pulmonologists use non-disposable rigid or semi-rigid telescopes in the endoscopy or theater suites under local anesthesia with intravenous conscious sedation/analgesia or mild anesthesia on a spontaneously breathing patient. MT is mainly indicated for diagnostic purposes in cases of unexplained exudative pleural effusions and/or talc pleurodesis ('poudrage') to prevent the recurrence of a persistent pleural effusion. This narrative review describes the role of this procedure in assessing potential malignant pleural disease whilst providing insights into procedural details, diagnostic performance, safety considerations, and clinical applications. In weighing the advantages and disadvantages of this procedure in comparison to alternative diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, this review aims to show the benefits of MT for this scenario. Finally, a few thoughts about future directions of this endoscopic procedure are proposed.