Checkpoint inhibitor-induced hematologic immune-related adverse events and their association with disease recurrence in hematolymphoid malignancies: a clinical perspective.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have transformed the treatment of hematolymphoid malignancies by enhancing antitumor immunity. These agents are associated with immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including hematologic toxicities such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia, immune-related thrombocytopenia (irTCP), and neutropenia. Although rare, hematologic irAEs (hem-irAEs) may reflect systemic immune activation and could serve as biomarkers of treatment response. Emerging evidence, particularly from observational studies and meta-analyses, suggests that patients who experience hem-irAEs may have lower rates of disease recurrence and improved survival outcomes. This manuscript reviews the mechanisms, incidence, and prognostic implications of hem-irAEs in patients with hematolymphoid malignancies, emphasizing their hypothesis-generating potential as predictive markers that warrant prospective validation.