Pathogenesis, prevention, and therapeutic advances in hepatitis B, C, and D.

Viral hepatitis poses a considerable risk to public health. Among the five hepatitis viruses, hepatitis B, C, and D virus are of particular concern due to their high rates of chronic infection and significant global disease burden. The World Health Organization's Global Health Sector Strategy, introduced in 2016, seeks to eradicate viral hepatitis as a public health issue by 2030, aiming for a 90% decrease in new infections and a 65% drop in fatality rates. Currently, there are several preventive and therapeutic interventions that can effectively halt the progression of the disease to an advanced stage. Nevertheless, forthcoming therapies must prioritize safety and effectively manage viral progression in a timely manner. Enhanced understanding of the molecular and immunological mechanisms underlying hepatitis viruses' infections would facilitate the formulation of effective treatment strategies. This review summarizes the pathogenesis of these viruses, explores prevention strategies such as vaccination and public health measures, and discusses current and emerging treatments. Emphasizing ongoing global efforts and future directions, this review highlights the critical need for sustained international collaboration to achieve the eradication of chronic viral hepatitis.