Therapeutic potential of TIM-3 inhibition in cancer, viral infections, and autoimmune disorders.

TIM-3 (T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain protein-3) is a potent checkpoint receptor that functions as a negative regulator of the immune response. Numerous immune cells, including monocytes, TH17 (T helper 17) cells, mast cells, myeloid cells, and Treg (regulatory T) cells, express TIM-3. It consists of four ligands: HMGB1 (High Mobility Group Protein B1), PtdSer (Phosphatidylserine), Galectin-9, and CEACAM-1 (Carcinoembryonic Antigen Cell Adhesion Molecule 1). Research has shown TIM-3's role in cancers, chronic viral infections, and autoimmune disorders. Inhibiting TIM-3, therefore, is a therapeutic approach in the current immunotherapy, particularly when combined with other immune checkpoint inhibitors. The review summarizes its function in different disorders and its potential signaling mechanisms.