Biomedically important pathogenic fungi detection with volatile biomarkers.

Volatile chemical profiles collected from the headspace of Aspergillus fumigatus (a pathogenic fungus that causes invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and chronic fungal sinusitis) grown on media with the connective tissue protein elastin, found in lung tissue, contained a large abundance of the sesquiterpene farnesene (3,7,11-trimethyl-1,3,6,10-dodecatetraene) and, depending on extraction time and sorbent material, other farnesene isomers and sesquiterpenes such as bisabolene (methyl-4-(6-methylhepta-1,5-dien-2-yl)cyclohex-1-ene). When human lung cells were cultured externally and infected with A. fumigatus, farnesene was also detected in each model lung system. Volatiles measured from cultured nasal lavage collected from a patient diagnosed with chronic fungal sinusitis, a condition frequently caused by A. fumigatus, revealed the presence of another pathogenic fungus, less frequently responsible for sinusitis, Epicoccum nigrum. The volatile profile of E. nigrum differed markedly from that of A. fumigatus with no sesquiterpenes detected.