Immunological aspects of mucosal vaccine-based bacterial-like particles (BLPs) - An updated review.

Mucosal vaccine-based Bacterium-like particles (BLP) adjuvants are recognised for their safety, ease of preparation, excellent stability, and efficient delivery to mucosal surfaces. Remarkable progress has been achieved in the development of BLP-based mucosal vaccines. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current application of BLP adjuvants in vaccine development, focusing on their efficacy, effectiveness, and mechanisms of adjuvanticity. Specifically, this review highlights the promising potential of BLP as a mucosal adjuvant to elicit protective and immune responses. The information presented will offer updated and thorough insights into the application of BLP in vaccination strategies for a wide range of hosts. Additionally, this review discusses the potential benefits and challenges associated with BLP adjuvants, aiming to provide valuable suggestions for future research and vaccine design efforts.